英语词汇学笔记-词根和构词法

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2-6楼:  词根
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8楼:     构词法-转化法
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词汇学笔记1-词根      

1. acu-, acr- (LR): “sharp”

1) acrid: adj. having a sharp quality in taste or smell; bitter or burning to the senses
e.g. The acrid smoke hurt our eyes/made our eyes water.

2) acute: adj. sharp; coming to a sharp point; reaching a crisis; critical; keen; intense; violent
e.g. An acute angle is an angle of less than 90 degrees.
He is suffering from acute appendicitis.
The food shortage in India is becoming acute.
The boy has a quick, acute mind.
His toothache was causing acute pain.
acutely ad. Intensely, extremely; keenly; highly
e.g. He was acutely conscious of their disapproval.

3) acrimony n. sharpness of speech or temper尖刻，刻薄
e.g. Our quarrel was full of acrimony.
acrimonious a. full of bitterness; sharp; sarcastic
e.g. Their discussion turned into an acrimonious debate.

4) acuity n. the state or condition of being sharp(it is applied to sharpness or acuteness of the mind or senses)尖锐，锐利，敏锐
e.g. The professor has great mental acuity.

5) acumen n. sharpness of mind; intelligence 敏锐及正确的判断力，聪明才智
e.g. Johnny has shown great acumen in his school work.

2. ag-, act- (LR): “to do; drive”

1) agent n. a person who does sth.
e.g. He is a FBI agent.
Does that company has a sales agent in our town?
agency n. a department or bureau that does a specific job or that represents other people or companies.
e.g. travel agency

2) active adj. inclined to action
activity n. A. the sate of being active B. a particular action
activate v. to make active or make capable of action
e.g. Can you activate this machine?
3) actor n. a person who acts
actress n.
4) agenda n. a list of things to be done; a list of things to be discussed or decided upon
e.g. There were three items on the agenda for the business meeting.
5) agile adj. able to do or move quickly and easily
e.g. Charles is agile and athletic.
agility n. the ability to move quickly and easily
6) enact v. to cause to be done; to make into a law
e.g. The Senate enacted a bill against air pollution.
enactment n. the passing of a law; a law that has been passed.
e.g. The Senate’s enactment of the air pollution bill goes into effect today.
More words:
inactive, transact, transaction, interact, react reaction

3. am-, amor-: “love, liking, friendliness”
1) amateur n. lover(ant. Professional, expert) A. person who follows a particular pursuit as a pastime, rather than as a profession B. one who performs rather poorly; inexperienced person
e.g. When it comes to baking a cake, Bill’s the expert; I’m only an ～.
2) amiable adj. good-natured; pleasant and good-tempered; agreeable
e.g. He is an amiable person; everybody likes him.
3) amicable adj. friendly, not quarrelsome; peaceable
e.g. Let’s try to settle our differences in an amicable manner.
4) amorous adj. having to do with love; easily moved to love; showing love
e.g. ～Romeo
5) enamored adj. inflamed with love; captivated; charmed
e.g. He became ～of the girl.

4. anim-: “mind, will, spirit, soul, life”
1) animosity n. ill will; violent hared
e.g. If you bear me no animosity, why do you treat me so badly?
2) animus n. ill will
e.g. Though Howard defeated me in the election, I bear no animus toward him; we are good friends.
3) equanimity n. evenness of mind or temper; emotional balance
e.g. The mayor listened to their insult with equanimity.
4) magnanimous adj. showing greatness or nobility of mind; forgiving; generous
(Cf. mag-: “big” e.g. magnify; magnificent)
e.g. After the war, the victors were magnanimous, not revengeful.
5) unanimous adj. of one mind; in complete accord
e.g. There was a ～ vote in favor of the president.
unanimity n. oneness of mind; complete agreement
e.g. In almost every discussion there is bound to be some disagreement. Don’t expect unanimity.
6) animate v. to give life; to make alive
e.g. He tried to ～ the conversation by telling jokes.
inanimate adj.
e.g. A desk is a ～object.
More words:
animal, animality

5. annu-, anni-: “year”
1) annals n. yearly records; historical records
e.g. The professor has read all the annals of early American history.
2) annual adj. yearly; occurring every year; lasting only one year
e.g. We have an ～vacation of two weeks.
Beans and corns are ～s.
3) annuity n. a yearly allowance or income
e.g. How much is the annuity from this life insurance?
4) perennial adj. lasting through years
n. plant that lives for three or more years, usually blooming each year
e.g. I’m tired of your ～ complaint!
These flowers are ～s. You don’t have to plant new seeds every year.
5) centennial adj. (=centenary) lasting for a hundred years
e.g. ～ anniversary
The centennial of the end of the Civil War occurred in 1965.

6. anthrop-, anthropo- (GR): “man; human”
1) anthropology n. the science or study of man
anthropologist n. a person whose profession study is anthropology
2) philanthropy n. love of mankind
philanthropist n. a person who loves his fellow men
philanthropic a. showing love for mankind especially by supporting charities , making donations, etc
3) misanthropy n. hatred of mankind
misanthrope n. a person who hates his fellow men
misanthropist n. a person who hates his fellow men
misanthropic a. feeling or showing hatred for one’s follow men
e.g. It is impossible for a misanthrope to be a philanthropist.

7. arch-, archi-(GR): “chief; principal”
1) architect n. (lit. chief worker) a person who designs and draws up plans for buildings and supervises their construction.
architecture n. the design and construction of buildings
2) archbishop n. the chief bishop of a province
e.g. The bishop was elected to archbishop.
3) archangel n. a chief or principal angel
4) archenemy n. a chief enemy
e.g. Satan is often called the archenemy of mankind.

8. –arch-: “a ruler; a person who rules”
-archy-: “a particular kind of rule or government”
1) monarch n. a person who rules alone; a king or sovereign
e.g. Both kings and queens are called ～s.
monarchy n. A. a rule or government by a monarch; B. a land ruled by a monarch
e.g. France was once a monarchy.
2) matriarch n. a woman who rules or leads a large family or tribe by hereditary right
e.g. Matriarchs ruled in some ancient societies.
matriarchy n. a society or culture ruled by a woman
e.g. Some ancient societies were matriarchies.
3) anarchy n. total absence of rule or government; confusion; disorder
4) hierarchy n. body of rulers or officials grouped in ranks, each being subordinate to the rank above it
5) autarchy n. rule by an absolute sovereign

9. aud-, audit-(GR): “to hear”
1) audible a. capable of being heard
e.g. Her voice was barely audible.
(ant. inaudible)
2) audience n. the people assembled to hear sth
3) audio a.& n. (of) reproduced sound
e.g. My TV has a good picture but weak audio.
4) audit v. give a hearing
n. an examination of sth, especially of financial records or accounts
auditor n. one who hears
More words:
audio-visual, audition(试听、试演), auditorium (a place for hearing)

10. aut-, auto-(GR): “self”
1) autocrat n. a ruler with unrestricted; ruler exercising self-derived, absolute power
autocracy n. A. rule by an autocrat; B. a state ruled by an autocrat
e.g. The autocrat was replaced by a ruler responsible to the people.
Under Hadrian, Rome was an autocracy.
2) autograph n. the signature or handwriting of a particular person; person’s signature written by himself or herself
v. to sign one’s signature to it; to write it in one’s own handwriting
e.g. She stood in line to get the singer’s autograph.
The singer autographed the program for her.
3) automat n. a restaurant in which food is made available automatically from a receptacle
4) automatic a. acting by itself; self moving; self-regulating, like a machine
automation n. an automatic operation or automatic production, as a factory in which labor is performed by machines
e.g. You don’t have to defrost a refrigerator equipped with an automatic defroster.
Many workers have lost their jobs as a result of automation.
5) automaton n. (lit. “self-acting thing”) purely mechanical person following a routine; robot
e.g. An autocrat prefers subjects who are automatons, rather than intelligent human beings.
5) automobile n. a self-propelled or self-moving vehicle
6) authentic a. (lit. “from the master himself”) genuine; real; reliable; trustworthy
e.g. When you withdraw money, the bank may compare your signature with the one in its files to see if it is authentic.
7) autobiography n. story of a person’s life (a biography of a person) written by the person himself or herself
e.g. Benjamin Franklin wrote a famous autobiography in which he describes his struggles to rise in the world.
8) autonomous a. self-governing; independent
autonomy n. right of self-government
e.g. The Alumni Association is not under the control of the school. It is a completely autonomous group
After World War Two, many former colonies were granted autonomy and became independent nations.
9) autopsy n. (lit. “a seeing for one’s self) medical examination of a dead body to determine the cause of death
e.g. The cause of the celebrity’s sudden death will not be known until the autopsy has been performed.
EX:
1. Some members want to censure the president for ignoring the club’s constitution and behaving like an _____.
2. You are no better than an _____ if you act mechanically without using your intelligence.
3. The Prime Minister left her life story to others, for she had neither the time nor the desire to write an _____.
4. Elevator operators are not employed in buildings equipped with _____ elevators.
5. For generations, colonial peoples who asked for _____ were usually told that they were not ready to govern themselves.

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11. bene- (LR): “well; good”
1) benefactor n. a person who does good; a patron; a backer
e.g. Mr. Smith, the banker, is a benefactor of the museum.
2) benefit n. a good deed; an act of kindness; an advantage
e.g. What are the benefits of learning new words?
I benefited from your advice.
3) benevolent a. well-wishing; disposed to do good; kindly (-volent: “wishing; willing”)
e.g. The teacher has a benevolent attitude toward his students.
4) benediction n. the act of blessing, as at the close of religious worship; the calling down of divine favor on a person
e.g. The priest gave the people his benediction.
5) beneficial a. of or pertaining to that which does good; helpful; advantageous
e.g. Sleep and proper food are beneficial to health.
6) beneficiary n. a person connected with benefits; a person who receives benefits or advantages from sth
e.g. He was the beneficiary of his father’s life-insurance policy.
7) benign a. kind; gentle; mild; favorable
e.g. A benign tumor is “mild” or “favorable” in the sense of being curable.
The benign old gentleman reminded her of her grandfather.
More words:
benefaction 捐助, beneficence 善行,仁慈,慈善, benignant 仁慈,亲切的

12. bio-(GR): “life”
1) biochemistry n. the branch of chemistry relating to the processes and physical properties of living organisms
2) biography n. a writing about a life; a written account of a person’s life
biographer n. a writer of biography
biographical a. of or concerning a person’s life
autobiography n.
e.g. This biography of President Kennedy is a best seller.
The teacher gave a brief biographical account of the author we were studying.
3) biology n. the science of life in all its manifestations
biological a. of or pertaining to biology
biologist n. a specialist in biology
e.g. Zoology (the study of animals) and (the study of plants) are the main divisions of biology.
Biological warfare makes use of germs or bacteria that destroy life.
4) biogenesis n. development of life from preexisting life
5) biometry n. calculation of the probable duration of human life
6) biopsy n. diagnostic examination of a piece of tissue from the living body
7) biota n. the living plants and living animals; of a region
8) abiogenesis n. spontaneous generation (development of life from lifeless matter)
9) amphibious a. able to live both on land and in water
10) antibiotic n. antibacterial substance produced by a living organism
11) symbiosis n. the living together in mutually helpful association of two dissimilar organisms
EX:
1. Fish can live only in water, but frogs are _____.
2. One _____ widely used to arrest the growth of harmful bacteria is penicillin.
3. In his _____ AN AMERICAN DOCTOR’S ODYSSEY, Victor Heiser tells how he survived the Johnstown flood.
4. An example of _____ is provided by the fungus that lives in a mutually beneficial partnership with the roots of an oak tree.

13. cad-, cid-, cas-: “to fall”, “befall” “happen by chance”
1) accident n. sth that happen to sb by chance; an unexpected happening without a cause or plan
2) casual a. like that which happens by chance; offhand; informal; not planned or serious
casualty n. A. a person or thing that is hurt or destroyed by chance; B. an accident
e.g. He has a relaxed, casual manner.
How many highway casualties were there last weekend?
3) decadent a. falling into ruin; falling down morally; declining; decaying
decay n. a falling into ruin
v. to decline; rot or decompose
e.g. Roman society became decadent before the fall of the Empire.
There is decay in this tooth.
The tooth had decayed badly before Sam saw his dentist.
4) incident n. sth that happened (fell on a particular person or happened at a particular time); an event or occurrence
incidence n. the degree of occurrence; the frequency with which sth happens
incidental a. occurring in the course of sth else; secondary; casual
incidentally ad. by the way
e.g. An incident at the border of the two countries led to war.
There is a high incidence of crime here.
You will have incidental expenses besides your plane fare.
Incidentally, how old are you?
5) occident n. that which is toward the falling sun; the West; the Western Hemisphere
occidental a. of or belonging to the West
e.g. The Occident is the opposite of the Orient.
Europe and America are Occidental continents.
6) occasion n. a falling toward, as an opportunity; a favorable time, the time of an event, the event itself, or the reason for it
occasional a. A. happening irregularly or now and then; B. suiting a particular occasion; C. small and not part of a set
e.g. This seems like a good occasion for a get-together.
He wrote an occasional poem in honor of the queen’s birthday.

14. cent- (LR): “one hundred”
1) centenary a. pertaining to a hundred; making a period of a hundred years; lasting for a hundred years; occurring every hundred years
e.g. We planned a centenary celebration for our company.
2) centipede n. a creature with a hundred feet
3) century n. one hundred consecutive years; a period of hundred years
4) percent n. the number of parts in every hundred of sth specified; hundredth
percentage n. A. the rate or proportion of anything per hundred; B. a proportion in general
percentile n. any in a series of one hundred points on a scale, each of which denotes the percentage of the total cases lying below it in the scale
e.g. More than 50 percent of the people are women.
What percentage of the population is under thirty-five years of age.
His College Board scores are in the second percentile.
More word:
centenarian, centuple, centurion, sesquicentennial

15. –cide: “killing, killer”
1) fratricide n. act of killing (or killer of) one’s brother
2) genocide n. deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group
3) germicide n. substance that kills germs
4) herbicide n. substance that kills plants
5) homicide n. killing of one human by another
6) infanticide n. act of killing (or killer of) an infant
7) insecticide n. substance that kills insects
8) matricide n. act of killing (or killer of) one’s husband
9) matricide n. act of killing (or killer of) one’s mother
10) parricide n. act of killing (or killer of) one’s parent
11) patricide n. act of killing (or killer of) one’s father
12) pesticide n. substance that kills rats, insects, bacteria, etc.
13) regicide n. act of killing (or killer of) a king, president
14) sororicide n. act of killing (or killer of) one’s sister
15) suicide n. act of killing (or killer of) one’s self
16) tyrannicide n. act of killing (or killer of) a tyrant
17) uxoricide n. the killing of one’s wife

16. cap-, capt-, cip-, cept- (LR): “ to take; seize”
1) capable a. having ability, having the qualities needed for something
e.g. Are you capable of solving this problem?
Dr. Smith is a capable dentist.
capability: n. ability; competence
e.g. No one doubts his capability as a dentist.
capably: adv. in a capably manner; skillfully
e.g. The doctor performed the operation capably.
incapable: adj. unable or incompetent
e.g. He is incapable of solving the problem
2) capture n. the act or result of seizing: a seizure
v. to gain, win, or take by force
e.g. The capture of the enemy town was a great victory.
The police captured the thief.
captor n. a person who takes a captive
e.g. The prisoner was freed by his captors.
captive n. a person who is captured; taken or held prisoner
e.g. The doctor was held captive by the kidnapers.
captivity n. the state of being held captive
e.g. The circus owned the largest elephant in captivity.
captivate v. to capture by means of charm; fascinate
e.g. Harvey was captivated by Rhoda’s smile.
3) deceive v. to take away from the truth; to mislead; trick; lead astray
e.g. He was deceived by the friendliness of the thief.
deceit n. the act of deceiving; a trick; falseness
e.g. He was the victim of his friend’s deceit.
deceitful a. given to deceiving; treacherous; lying
e.g. She is known as a very deceitful person.
deception n. deceit
e.g. the magician fooled us with his quick deception.
deceptive a. having a tendency to deceive
e.g. The surface of a highway can be deceptive in the rain.
4) except prep. taking out; leaving out; omitting
e.g. Everyone is going except me.
exception n. sth excluded from a general rule or agreement; an objection or criticism
e.g. Your brothers are lazy, but you are an exception.
exceptional a. unusually good
e.g. John is an exceptional student.
exceptionally ad. uncommonly; extremely
e.g. This is an exceptionally cold day.
5) incipient a. taking into existence; coming into existence; just beginning to be or to appear
e.g. He has incipient influenza.
incipience n. in the early state or beginning of sth
e.g. The incipience of our trouble dates back to World War II.
inception n. the beginning or start
e.g. He has worked for the company since its inception.
6) receive v. to take back toward oneself; take into one’s possession
receiver n. a person or thing that receives
e.g. He acted as a receiver of stolen goods.
receipt n. a written acknowledge of sth received
e.g. Here is the receipt for your money.
reception n. A. the act or manner of receiving; B. a formal social entertainment of guests
e.g. Were you given a cordial reception?
receptionist n. a person who receives callers in an office
e.g. We have an attractive receptionist in the front office.
receptacle n. sth that contains (or receives) sth else
e.g. Put the garbage in the trash receptacle.
receptive a. able to or inclined to receive
e.g. He is receptive to new ideas.

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18. cern-, crel- (LR): “to separate; see as being different; distinguish”
1) concern v. (lit. to see thoroughly in the mind) to involve oneself; to relate to or affect
n. interest or worry; a business enterprise or firm
e.g. He was concerned with improving himself.
Don’t concern yourself with small details.
Emma expressed concern about Bob’s health.
What is the name of that new manufacturing concern?
concerning prep. regarding; about
e.g. The customer wrote to us concerning his bill.
2) discern v. to recognize as separate or apart from everything else; to perceive
e.g. It is hard to discern the right road in the dark.
discernible a. capable of being discerned; perceptible
e.g. There is no discernible difference between these two hats.
discerning a. quick to discern; discriminating; perceptive
e.g. Einstein had a discerning mind.
discernment n. insight
e.g. Dr. Smith is a man of great discernment.
discrete a. separated from others; totally different
e.g. Sand is composed of tiny discrete grains of rocklike material.
3) secret n. sth separated or kept apart from others; sth kept hidden; concealed; hidden
e.g. Don’t tell your friend’s secret.
This house is supposed to have a secret door.
secretary n. a person who, dealing with the paperwork of an individual or business, can be trusted to keep business secrets
secretarial a. of or pertaining to a secretary or a secretary’s work.
e.g. The job involves some secretarial duties.
secretive a. inclined to secrecy; close-mouthed
e.g. Mr. Thornton is unusually secretive about his business affairs.

19. chron-, chrono-: “time”
1) anachronism n. error in chronology or time order
e.g. It would be an anachronism to say that Joan of Arc rode to battle in a jeep.
2) chronicle n. historical account of events in the order of time; history; annals
e.g. One of the earliest accounts of King Arthur occurs in a 12th-century chronicle of the kings of Britain by Geoffrey of Monmouth.
3) chronological a. arranged in order of time
e.g. The magazines in this file are not in chronological order. I found the February issue after the October one.
chronology n. arrangement of date or events in order of time of occurrence
e.g. Rhoda named all the presidents, but she made an error in chronology when she placed Ulysses S. Grant after Abraham Lincoln, instead of after Andrew Johnson.
4) synchronize v. cause to agree in time; make simultaneous
e.g. The clocks in the library need to be synchronized; one is a minute and a half behind the other.
EX:
1. Can you recall the world series champions of the last five years in the correct _____.
2. Your remark that the ancient Greeks followed the seign of Troy on television is an amusing _____.
3. The film begins near the climax and then goes back to the hero’s childhood, violating the usual _____.
4. The townspeople used to _____ timepieces with the clock outside the village bank.
5. The current World Almanac gives a (an) _____ of last year’s events.

Keys: 1. chronology 2. anachronism 3. chronological 4. synchronize 5. chronicle

20. clam-, claim- (LR): “to carry out; shout”
1) declaim v. to cry out; to speak loudly and fully; to give a formal speech, as opposed to speaking informally or softly
e.g. The politician declaimed his speech to a large audience.
declamation n. a prepared, formal speech
e.g. The mayor delivered a long declamation on the Fourth of July.
declamatory a. characterized by declamation; bombastic
e.g. What a boring, declamatory speech!
2) exclaim v. to cry out suddenly
e.g. “Look! Look!” he exclaimed.
exclamation n. A. a sudden cry or shout; B. a phrase or sentence that expresses surprise, shock, fear, or otherwise serves as a cry or shout
e.g. He gave an exclamation of surprise.
exclamatory a. pertaining to or expressing surprise, shock, fear, etc.
e.g. The speech was full of angry, exclamatory sentences.
3) proclaim v. to cry sth out before the people; make known before the public; announce
e.g. The President proclaimed a national holiday.
proclamation n. a public announcement
e.g. The White House has issued a presidential proclamation.
The rooster’s crowing is a proclamation of daybreak.
4) More words:
acclaim, clamorous, proclaimer, acclamation, disclaim, proclamatory, clamor, disclaimer, reclamation

21. lateral- (LR): “side”
1) collateral a. situated at the side; accompanying; parallel; additional; supplementary
e.g. After voting for the road building program, the legislature took up the collateral issue of how to raise the necessary funds.
2) equilateral a. having all sides equal
e.g. If one side of an equilateral triangle measures three feet, the other two must also be three feet each.
3) lateral a. of or pertaining to the side
e.g. The building plan shows both a front and a lateral view of the proposed structure.
4) multilateral a. having many sides
e.g. A parent plays a multilateral role as a nurse, housekeeper, shopper, cook, teacher, etc.
4) quadrilateral n. plane figure having four sides and four angles.
e.g. A square is a quadrilateral.
6) unilateral a. one-sided, undertaken by one side only
e.g. Don’t judge the matter by my opponent’s unilateral statement, but wait till you have heard the other side.
7) bilateral a. of, on with two sides
e.g. a bilateral agreement
EX:
1. Most city blocks are shaped like a (an) _____.
2. Are you speaking for all the members of your club or giving only your _____ view?
3. When we were studying Johnny Tremain, our teacher assigned _____ reading on the Revolutionary War.
4. The politician’s _____personality as champion of justice, defender of the poor, supporter of education, and friend of business attracted many adherents.

22. litera- (LR): “letter”
1) alliteration n. repetition of the same letter or consonant at the beginning of neighboring words
e.g. Note the alliteration in the line “Sing a song of sixpence”.
2) literacy n. state of being lettered or educated; ability to read and write
e.g. When registering as a new voter, take along your diploma as proof of literacy.
3) literal a. following the letters or exact words of the original
e.g. We translate “laissez-fraire” as “absence of government interference”, but its literal meaning is “let do”.
4) literary a. having to do with letters or literature
e.g. Willa Cather is one of the great writers of novels in our literary history.
5) literate a. lettered; able to read and write; educated
e.g. The teacher’s main goal in working with adults who can neither read nor write is to make them literate.
EX:
1. You need not prove that you can read and write. No one doubts your _____.
2. Did you know the _____ meaning of Philip is “lover of horses”?

23. loqu-, locut- (LR): “speak”, “talk”
1) colloquial a. pertaining to speaking together or to conversation; belonging to informal to conversational speech or writing; informal and conversational
e.g. Some colloquial words should never be used in formal writing.
colloquialism n. an expression or word that is used in or suitable for informal speech or conversation, as opposed to formal speech writing
e.g. “Hi” is a colloquialism for “hello”.
2) eloquent a. (lit. speaking out fully) making effective use of language, especially in public speaking; forceful or moving
e.g. The Gettysburg Address is an eloquent speech.
Patrick Henry was noted as an eloquent speaker.
eloquence n. [U] highly effective use of language, esp. in public speaking
e.g. Were you moved by the eloquence of his speech?
3) elocution n. [U] (lit. the act of speaking out) A. the act or art of public speaking; B. one’s manner of speaking
e.g. Lawyers have to study elocution.
The nervous speaker was criticized for his poor elocution.
4) interlocutor n. (lit. a person who speaks between others) a person who takes part in a conversation or who keeps a conversation going by asking questions
e.g. Dr. Harris was my interlocutor at dinner.
The lawyer served as an interlocutor, trying to get the full story from the witnesses.
5) circumlocution n. roundabout way of speaking
6) colloquy n. (fml) taking together; conference; conversation
7) grandiloquent a. using lofty or pompous words; bombastic
8) loquacious a. talkative; garrulous
loquacity n. [U] being talkative
9) obloquy n. [U] A. a speaking against; censure; B. public reproach
More Words:
allocution 演讲,训示, catalog(ue) 目录, dialog(ue) 对话, epilog(ue) 收场白,结语
monolog(ue) 独白,自言自语, prolog(ue) 开场白,序言, soliloquy 独白
EX:
1. “Your services will be terminated if you persist in disregarding our requirement of punctuality” is a (an) _____. It would be more direct to say, “You will be dismissed if you come late again.”
2. _____ students who carry on noisy conversations in the library prevent others from concentrating.
3. A course in _____ will help you to be an effective public speaker.
4. The referee held a short _____ with the judges before announcing the winner.
5. Witnesses appearing before the investigation committee found that its chairman was the principal _____, the other committee members asked very few questions.

24. luc-, lum- (LR): “light”
1) elucidate v. throw light upon; make clear; explain
e.g. I asked the teacher to elucidate a point that was not clear to me.
2) lucid a. (lit. “containing light”) clear; easy to understand (ant. vague)
e.g. To obviate misunderstanding, state the directions in the most lucid way possible.
3) luminary n. one who is a source of light or inspiration to others; famous person
e.g. A number of luminaries, including a Nobel Prize winner, will be present.
4) luminous a. emitting light; shining; brilliant
e.g. With this watch you can tell time in the dark because its hands and dial are luminous.
5) translucent a. letting light through (ant. opaque)
e.g. Lamp shades are translucent but not transparent.
More words:
illuminate 照明,阐释,说明, illumine 照亮, lucent 透明,明亮的
luculent 明晰的, pellucid 清澈,透明的
EX:
1. _____ paint is used for road signs so that they may be visible to night drivers.
2. Gary tried to _____ the matter, but he only made us more confused.
3. A host of admires surrounded the sports ____ to ask for her autograph.

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25. -logy (GR): “science”, “study”, “account”
1) anthropology n. science dealing with the origin, races, customs, and beliefs of humankind
2) bacteriology n. science dealing with the study of bacteria
3) biology n. science dealing with the study of living organisms
4) cardiology n. science dealing with the action and diseases of the heart
5) criminology n. scientific study of crimes and criminals
6) dermatology n. science dealing with the skin and its diseases
7) ecology n. science dealing with the relation of living things to their environment and to each other
8) ethnology n. science dealing with human races their origin, distribution, culture, etc.
9) genealogy n. account of the descent of a person or family from an ancestor
10) geology n. science dealing with the earth’s history as recorded in rocks
11) meteorology n. science dealing with the atmosphere and weather
12) morphology n. science dealing with the atmosphere and weather
13) mythology n. account or study of myths
14) necrology n. register of persons who have died
15) neurology n. scientific study of the nervous system and its diseases
16) paleontology n. science dealing with life in the remote past as recorded in fossils
17) pathology n. science dealing with the nature and causes of disease
18) petrology n. scientific study of rocks
19) physiology n. science dealing with the functions of living things or their organs
20) psychology n. science of the mind
21) sociology n. study of the evolution, development, and functioning of human society
22) technology n. industrial science
23) theology n. study of religion and religious ideas
EX:
1. Both ethnology and _____ deal with the origin and races of humankind.
2. The tale of Pyramus and Thisbe is one of the most appealing in Greek _____.
3. Advances in _____ have enable industries to manufacture products at lower costs.
4. Sherlock Holmes is a fictional character who excels in _____, bringing numerous felons to justice.
5. Patients suffering from skin disorders are often referred to a specialist in _____.

26. macro- (GR): “large”, “long”
micro- (GR): “small”
1) macrocosm n. great world; universe
microcosm n. little world
2) macron n. horizontal mark indicating that the vowel over which it is places is long
3) macroscopic a. large enough to be visible to the naked eye
microscopic a. invisible to the naked eye
4) microbe n. very minute organism; a microorganism
5) microbicide n. agent that destroys microbes
6) microdont a. a. having small teeth
7) microfilm n. film of very small size
8) micrometer n. instrument for measuring very short distances
9) microsecond n. unit of time equal to one millionth of a second
10) microwave n. very short electromagnetic wave
EX:
1. Documents can be recorded in a minimum of space if photographed on _____.
2. Space exploration has made us more aware of the vastness of the _____.
3. A _____ enables us to measure very minute distances that cannot be measured accurately with a ruler.
4. An ant is visible to the naked eye, but an ameba is _____.
5. By means of a _____, the dictionary informs us that the “e” in “era” is a long vowel.

27. mono-(mon-): “one”, “single”, “alone”
poly-: “many”
1) monarchy n. rule by a single person
2) polyarchy n. rule by many
3) monochromatic a. of one color
4) polychromatic a. showing a variety of colors
5) monogamy n. marriage with one mate at a time
6) polygamy n. marriage to several mates at the same time
7) monomorphic a. having a single form
8) polymorphic a. having various forms
9) monosyllabic a. having one syllable
10) polysyllabic a. having more than three syllables
11) monotheism n. belief that there is one God
12) polytheism n. belief that there is a plurality of gods
13) monocle n. eyeglass for one eye
14) monogram n. two or more letters interwoven to present a name
15) monograph n. written account of a single thing or class of things
16) monolith n. single stone of large size
17) monolog(ue) n. long speech by one person in a group
18) monomania n. derangement of mind on one subject only
19) monotonous a. continuing in an unchanging tone; wearing
20) polyglot a. speaking several languages
21) polygon n. closed plane figure having, literally, “many angles” (and therefore, many sides)
22) polyphonic a. having many sounds or voices
23) polytechnic a. dealing with many arts or sciences
More words:
monopoly v. 独占,垄断 monochrome n. 单色画法, monocracy n.独裁政治, monolingual a. 仅谙一种语言的, monarch n. 王,君主,帝王 monastery n. 修道院,
monotony n. 单调,令人厌烦的单调
EX:
1. So intensive was Ahab’s desire for revenge on Moby Dick, the white whale, that it amounted to a _____.
2. It is clear that the Romans practiced _____, for they worshiped many gods.
3. A discussion in which Janet takes part is usually a _____; she doesn’t give anyone else a chance to speak.
4. Our _____ neighbor speaks French, German, Russian, and English.
5. The young chemist’s _____ on garden insecticides is being widely read.
6. A _____ institute offers instruction in many applied sciences and technical arts.
7. George longed for a change because he found the work _____.

28. clude-, clus-, clos-(LR): “to shut, close”
1. conclude (lit. to shut off thoroughly) v. A. to bring to an end or finish; B. to settle or decide
e.g. The speaker concluded her speech in ten minutes.
conclusion n. the end of sth; a final outcome or decision
e.g. He left at the conclusion of the meeting.
conclusive a. putting an end to doubt; decisive
e.g. The judge’s ruing was conclusive.
2. disclose v. not to shut; to expose to view; reveal; make known to the public
e.g. Please disclose everything you know about the incident.
disclosure n. the act of disclosing or making known to the public; that which is disclosed or revealed
e.g. The disclosure that he was a fraud forced him to leave town.
3. enclose v. A. to shut in, fence in, or surround; B. to put sth inside an envelope, package, or other container; C. to contain or hold
e.g. The garden was enclosed by a wall.
He herded the cattle into the enclosure.
4. exclude v. A. to shut out; keep from entering; bar; B. to leave out; C. to put out; expel
e.g. The apartment building excluded pets.
excludable a. able to be left out
e.g. You owe no tax on your excludable income.
exclusion n. A. the act of excluding or leaving out; B. that which is left out or exclude
e.g. He liked movies to the exclusion of all other amusements.
exclusive a. A. leaving out many; B. admitting only a select group; restricted to one or a few; not shared; sole
e.g. He is the exclusive owner of the house.
exclusively ad. A. in an exclusive manner; B. solely
e.g. This story is exclusively yours.
5. include v. to shut into a place; to place in general group or category; to contain or take in
e.g. Have you included bread on the grocery list?
includable a. able to be included
e.g. Hotel bills are includable on your expense account.
inclusion n. A. that which is included; B. the act of including
e.g. Their inclusion of the new comer was kind.
inclusive a. comprehensive; including all
e.g. All the items are covered in an inclusive list.
6. preclude v. to shut out in advance; make impossible by doing sth in advance; prevent
e.g. The heavy rain precluded our having the picnic.

29. cord-(LR): “heart”
1. cordial a. pertaining to the heart; warm and health; friendly and sincere
n. a stimulating drink, such as a liquer; a medicine given as a stimulant for the heart of circulation
e.g. We received a cordial welcome.
I had a glass of blackberry cordial.
cordiality n. warmth of feeling
e.g. He greeted the victors with much cordiality.
2. accord v. (ac-, ad-=to, at) (lit. at heart; to be of one heart or mind; to agree) to grant what is deserved
n. harmony; agreement
e.g. My opinions accord with yours.
They all cheered with one accord.
accordance n. agreement; harmony; conformity
e.g. I’ll act in accordance with your wishes.
according prep. on the authority of ; as stated by
e.g. According to the teacher, he was a good student.
accordingly ad. A. consequently; B. correspondingly
e.g. He was the best student and accordingly won the prize.
3. record v. to put sth in the heart or mind again, as by writing it down; to write down, as for preserving an account of sth
n. a written or other permanent account, as a grooved disk that produces sound
e.g. Will you record your impression of your trip?
Do you keep a record of your expenditure?
4. More word:
concord, concordant, discord, concordance, concordantly, discordant

30. corp-: “body”, “flesh”
1. corporal a. bodily, as corporal punishment
2. corporation n. body authorized by law to carry on an activity with the rights and duties of a single person
3. corps n. A. organized body of person; B. branch of the military
4. corpse n. dead body
5. corpulent a. bulky; obese; very fat; flashy
e.g. He grew increasingly corpulent as he grew older.
corpulence n. fatness; obesity
e.g. The corpulence of the Sultan impressed his people.
6. corpus n. general collection of writings, laws, etc.
7. corpuscle n. A. blood cell (lit. a “little body”); B. minute particle
e.g. There are red and white corpuscles in the blood.
8. esprit de corps spirit of a body of persons; group sprit
9. incorporate v. combine so as to form one body; to form into a body; to form a legal association or company which can act as an individual
e.g. He has just incorporated his business.
EX:
1. The executive in charge of administration has a (an) _____ of able assistants.
2. Criminals were flogged or put in the stooks in olden times., but such _____ punishment is rare today.
3. The _____ patient was advises by his physician to get rid of his excess weight.
4. Publishers often _____ two or more works of an author into one volume.
5. The members of the board are proud of their corporation and loyal to it; they have a fine _____.

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32. cre-, cresc-, cret-: “to grow”
1. crescent n. (lit. growing) the visible part of the moon during the first or last quarter (which “grows” larger or smaller); anything shaped like a crescent moon
e.g. Turkey has a crescent on its flag.
2. increase v. to grow in size, amount, degree, or number; to become or cause to become greater or larger
n. growth; the amount of growth
e.g. As his vocabulary grew, his confidence increased.
What was the rate of increase?
3. increment n. a quantity added to another to increase it; the amount of increase
e.g. What increment did you receive on your investment?
4. concrete a. (ori. “grown or melded together; solidified”) relating to one solidified, definite idea, thing, or case; individual or particular, as opposed to general; real; specific
e.g. Try to be less vague and more concrete in your statements.
The floor is made of concrete.
5. More Words:
decrease, crescendo, accretion, excrescence

33. cred-(LR): “to believe; trust”
1. credit n. trust or faith A. a reputation for bring trustworthy esp. in paying debts; B. a source of honor; C. acknowledgement for having done sth; D. confidence in person’s ability to be trusted; E. money in one’s favor or money entrusted to one as in a loan
v. A. to give credit for; B. to accept as true; C. to attribute to, as honor or intelligence
e.g. He has good credit at the bank.
He was given full credit for the work he did.
I cannot credit that story.
creditable a. deserving credit; praiseworthy
e.g. The pianist gave a creditable performance.
creditor n. a person or organization to whom money is owed
e.g. If you owe money to a store, the store is your creditor.
2. accredit v. A. to give credit to as by acknowledging the work, effort, good qualities, etc., of; B. to authorize officially; C. to certify as meeting official requirements
e.g. He was accredited with a quick intelligence.
The ambassador was accredited by his government.
accreditation n. the granting of recognition to a school, college, or the like, that fulfills official requirements of a state or country.
e.g. Our college has full accreditation.
3. credentials n. a certificate, letter, or other proof that gives evidence of a person’s authority, identity, honesty, experience, etc.
e.g. To enter this building, you must show your credentials.
4. discredit v. A. not to credit; not to believe; B. to harm the credit or reputation of sb; C. to cause sb or sth to be degraded
n. loss of reputation
e.g. The lawyer discredited everything the witness said.
His rude behavior worked to his discredit.
5. credence n. belief
6. credible a. believable
7. credulous a. too ready to believe, easily deceived
8. creed n. summary of principles believed in or adhered to (or credo)
9. incredible a. nor believable
10. incredulity n. disbelief
EX:
1. His rude behavior brought _____ nor only upon himself, but also upon his team.
2. I showed _____ negligence in not removing the pot from the burner when the timer rang.
3. When applying for admission to college, you are likely to be asked for such _____ as your high school transcript, standardized test scores, and letters of recommendation.
4. Gerald is too _____ ; he will believe anything a salesperson may tell him.
5. Olga greeted the announcement of her winning the door prize with a look of baffled _____.

34. cumb-, cub-(LR): “to lie down”
1. cubicle n. (ori. a small room to lie down in; a bedroom) a bedroom; any small room or enclosed space
e.g. Libraries often have cubicles in which students may study.
2. incubate v. (lit. to lie on) to sit on eggs in order to hatch them; to give form to; develop
e.g. A hen will try to incubate a wooden egg.
The prisoners were incubating a plan foe escape.
incubator n. A. device used for hatching eggs; B. an apparatus for keeping warm a prematurely born baby.
e.g. There are five dozen eggs in the incubator.
The quintuplets were kept in an incubator for several weeks.
3. incumbent a. lying or resting on sb as an obligation
n. a person on whom an obligation rests—in other words, one who holds public office
e.g. It is incumbent upon you to increase your vocabulary.
incumbence n. A the state of being incumbent; B. the holding of an office; C. the period in which an office is held
e.g. The mayor’s incumbence is for four years.
4. succumb v. (lit. “to give way underneath, under the weight of, sth”) A. to give way; yield; B. to die
e.g. The exhausted child finally succumbed to sleep.
He succumbed to pneumonia at the age of eighty.

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词汇学笔记2-构词法-复合法      



复合法
把两个或两个以上独立的词结合在一起构成新词的方法叫做复合法或合成法(Compounding)，用复合法构成的词叫复合词(Compound)。
（一）复合词的鉴别
两个或两个以上独立的词在一起出现，可能构成一个复合词，也可能只是一个自由结合的词组或短语。但一般来说，复合词在语义、语法、语音和书写上都可能有自己的特征，从而跟自由词组区别开来。
语义是鉴定复合词的主要依据。两个词一旦结合成复合词后，语义就不是原来两个词的语义的简单相加，而是从中引出新语义。例如：
a green house——a green house, a greenroom（演员休息室）——a green room, a greenhorn（没有经验的人）——a green horn.
其他如：mother wit（天生的智力），Indian paper（字典纸），greenback（美钞），greenfly（蚜虫），greenhand（生手），greenline（敌我分界线），greentail（步鱼），greengrocer（蔬菜水果商），hot days（暑天）等。
复合词在语法上的特征表现在结构和词法两个方面。复合词中有些特殊结构，在自由词组中是不可能有的。如：
在名词前有动词作修饰成分：call boy（n. 旅馆男服务员），cut-throat（n. 凶手）；
将名词和过去分词放在一起：home-made, book-learned（a. 迷信书本的）；
将形容词和过去分词放在一起：new-born, deep-laid（a. 处心积虑的）。
复合词是作为一个词看待的，在句中充当一个成分，所以只能在词尾有变化，而不能在词中间有变化。如：
有fine arts（美术），却没有finer arts；
有loudspeaker，却没有louderspeaker。
复合名词的复数一般在后一个成分上表示，如：
blackguards（恶棍），flowerpots（花盆），eggshells（蛋壳）；
虽然有例外，但为数不多：attorneys general（检查总长），chiefs of staff（参谋长），looks-on, women doctors等。
复合名词的重音多半落在第一个组成部分上，这有时可用来鉴别复合名词。
试比较：a grandpiano（三角钢琴）——a grand piano，a blackboard——a black board，a darkroom（暗室）——a dark room。
但是“过去分词+名词”构成的复合名词，重音却落在第二个组成部分上：inverted comma（引号），split infinitive（分裂的不定式）。
复合词在书写时的特征是有的连写（如：bedroom），有的用连字符（如：reading-room），但也有分开写的（如：dining room）。鉴别复合词时，至少可以断定连写的和用连字符的肯定是复合词。
一般说来，英国英语用连字符的场合较多，而美国英语则有不用连字符的倾向。
（二）复合词的语义分析
在一个复合词里，两个著组成部分之间的语义关系在多数情况下，第一部分限定或修饰第二部分，所以：
a flower pot花盆 a pot flower盆花。
有些复合词是受法语词序的影响：court-martial（军事法庭），president elect（当选总统），ambassador designate（尚未上任的大使）。
也有一些复合词是受动词短语的影响，如：lighting-up time（点灯时间）。
另一方面，不少复合词含有隐喻(metaphor)、换喻(metonymy)或提喻(synecdoche)。这些修辞格的运用，使得复合词十分形象生动。例如：
grass-green a.←as green as grass,
pickpocket n.←one who picks other people’s pockets,
greybeard←man with grey beard（老人）等。
（三）复合名词
英语中的复合名词不但数量丰富，而且种类繁多。
英语复合词通常以第二成分为中心，第一成分是修饰成分，但实际上存在的语义关系要复杂得多。按照词法，即按照各组成部分的词性来分，一般有以下几种：
1．形容词+名词
hard disk, soft disk, clear-way（超速道路），dark lantern（有遮光装置的提灯），easy chair（安乐椅），deadline（最后期限）。
2．名词+名词
mouse mat（鼠标垫），Dream Team, bar code（条形码），paperknife（裁纸刀），forgery ring（伪造团伙），shoelace（鞋带），lip service（口头上说得好听的话），information highway.
3．副词+名词
under-clothes, after-effect（后效，副作用），upgrade（上升，升级），overburden（过重的负担）。
4．动词+名词
chewing gum, lodging house, baking powder（发酵粉），reading lamp（台灯）。
5．现在分词+名词
working party（作业队），leading article（社论），ruling class, floating bridge（浮桥）。
6．动词+名词
swearword（骂人话），breakwater（防波堤），driveway（车道），jump suit（伞兵跳伞服）。
7．名词+动词
nightfall, window-dress（布置橱窗），toothpick（牙签），watersupply（给水，自来水），snowfall.
8．动词+副词
show-off, slip-up（疏忽，不幸事故），put-off, follow-up（连续广告法）。
9．副词+动词
outlet, upset（颠覆），downfall（垮台，陷落），upstart（暴发户），onflow（滚滚向前）。
（四）复合形容词
从词法角度看，复合形容词有以形容词为中心，以动词的分词为中心、以名词（包括名词+后缀-ed）为中心、以及介词短语四大类型：
1． 以形容词为中心的复合形容词
（1） 名词+形容词：
fat-free, toll-free, maintenance-free（无须维修的）, dust-free, interest-free（无息的）, care-free（无忧无虑的）, nuclear-weapon-free, line-dry（一晾就干的）, would-famous, stone-deaf（完全聋的）, life-long, grass-green, bloodthirsty, dog-tired（累极了的）, home-sick, threadbare（穿旧的）, heartsick（沮丧的）
（2） 形容词+形容词
wet-cold, icy-cold, red-hot（炽热的）, bitter-sweet（又苦又甜的）, light-blue, deaf-mute（又聋又哑的）。
（3） 现在分词+形容词
steaming-hot/smoking-hot（滚烫的，热气腾腾的）, soaking-wet/wring-wet（湿淋淋的，湿得可拧出水的）, biting-cold/freezing-cold（冷得刺骨的，冰冷的）。
（4） 副词+形容词
ever-victorious（战无不胜的）, over-cautious（过份小心德）, all-round（全面的）。
2． 以动词的分词为中心的复合形容词
（1） 名词+现在分词
peace-loving, time-saving, summer-flowing（夏天开花的）, ocean-going（远洋的）。
（2） 名词+过去分词
heart-felt（衷心的）, air-borne（空降的，空运的）, home-made（家制的）, travel-worn（旅行得疲乏的）, hen-pecked（怕老婆的）, book-filled（放满书的）, poverty-stricken（赤贫的）.
（3） 形容词（或副词）+现在分词
fresh-frozen（速冻的）, easy-going, familiar-sounding（听来熟悉的）, hard-working, ever-lasting.
（4） 形容词（或副词）+过去分词
newly-developed, well-balanced, far-fetched（牵强附会的）, half-baked（烤得半生不熟的，肤浅的）, hard-won（来之不易的）, quick-frozen.
3． 以名词（包括名词+后缀-ed）为中心的复合形容词
（1） 名词+名词+-ed
hot-tempered（急性子的）, chicken-hearted（胆怯的，软弱的）, honey-mouthed（甜言蜜语的）, paper-backed（平装本的）。
（2） 形容词+名词+-ed
short-sighted, tender-hearted（软心肠的）, sweet-tempered（性情温和的）。
（3） 形容词+名词
long-distance（长途的）, full-length（全长的，未删节的）, white-collar, red-letter（喜庆的）。
（4） 动词+名词
break-neck（危险的）, telltale（搬弄是非的）, cut-rate（减价的，次等的）
4． 介词短语构成的复合形容词
在现代英语中，许多介词都可以放在名词前面作为修饰语。例如：
at-risk（处境危险的）, in-your-face（明目张胆的）。
5． 句式复合形容词
许多短语和句子也成了复合形容词。
devil-may-care（不顾一切的）, god-eat-dog（狗咬狗的）, run-of-the-mill（平常的）, dot-and-dash（莫尔斯电码）。
（五）复合动词
复合动词主要是通过转化法或者逆生法从复合名词变来的。
从复合名词转化成复合动词的有：
to machine-gun（用机枪扫射的）←machine-gun（机枪），to nickname（给人起绰号）←nickname，to spotlight（使突出醒目）←spotlight（聚光灯），to outline（画出…的轮廓）←outline.
从复合名词逆生而成的复合动词有：
to speed-read（快速阅读）←speed-reading，to soft-land（软着陆）←soft-land，to vacuum-clean（用真空吸尘器除尘）←vacuum-cleaner（真空吸尘器），to mass-produce（成批生产）←mass production，to sight-see←sight-seeing, to proofread←proofreading（校对），to tape-record（用磁带为…录音）←tape recorder, to chain-smoke（一支接一支的抽烟）←chain smoker.
复合动词中副词在动词前面，这里副词多半由介词转化而来，表示成都、方向等，间或有引申意义，如：
overwork, withhold（扣留），cross-question（盘问），upbuild（建立），uplift（高举），fast-talk（花言巧语地企图说服），off-load（卸货），outeat（吃得比…多），outgo（走得比…远）等。

singasong

词汇学笔记3-构词法-转化法

不改变词的形态，只是使词从一种词类转化为另一种词类，从而使该词具有新的意义和作用，成为一个新词，这种构词的方法叫做词类转化法(conversion, functional shift)。也有人把这种构词方法叫做“零位后缀派生法”(derivation by zero suffix)，又简称“零位派生法”(zero-derivation)。
零位派生法这个名称在一定程度上说明转化法只是派生法的一种特殊形式。
beauty n. + -ty →beautify v. lovely a. + -ness →loveliness
后缀没有改变词的基本意思，只不过是改变了词类而已。转化法是用加“零位后缀”（即不加后缀）的方法，使一个词改变词类。
转化法是英语形成新词的重要方法之一，各种词类的词经常转化，致使一个词往往可以用作几种词类。
e.g. smoke n. the smoke from the chimney
↓
v. the chimney smokes; he smokes a pipe
↓
n. Let’s have a smoke
英语的词类转化，大多在简单词中进行。
英语中多数单音节名词都有与它相同形式的动词
e.g. hunt n. to hunt v.
walk n. → to walk v.
play n. to play
派生词通常不能转化，这是因为派生词具有明确表示词类的后缀。
复合词转化的情况比派生词多，
复合名词转化成复合动词：
sandpaper v. 用砂纸擦← sandpaper n. spotlight v. 聚光照明，使突出醒目← spotlight n. blacklist v. 列入黑名单← blacklist n.
动词短语转化成复合名词：
breakdown n. 崩溃← to break down
standstill n. 停顿← to stand still showoff n. 炫耀← to show off
动词短语转化而来的形容词：
a backup generator（备用发电机）中的backup
see-through paper（薄的透明的纸）中的see-through
转化法是英语形成新词的重要方法之一，各种词类的词经常转化，致使一个词往往可以用作几种词类。
英语词类转化，数量最多的是转成动词和转成名词。

（一） 转成动词
1． 名词转成动词
名词经常原封不动地当作动词使用，这种用法既生动又省力：
to elbow one’s way through the crowd 比to push one’s way through the crowd with one’s elbows更形象，更简洁。
夸克把转成动词与原来名词的语义关系分成七种类型：
（1） to put in/on N 把…放入…，使…处于…
这一类动词表示“方位”，大多来自指地方、建筑物、容器之类的名词。如：
bottle n. →to bottle = to put into a bottle
garage n. →to garage = to put in a garage
list n.→to list = to enter in a list
又如：to cage, to pocket, to can, to corner
（2） to give N, to provide with N给予，提供
如：shelter n. →to shelter = to give shelter to
fuel n. →to fuel = to provide with fuel
man n. →to man = to provide with men
又如：to bloom, to grease（涂油脂于）, to finance, to arm, to camouflage（伪装）
（3） to deprive of N去掉
如：core n. →to core = to remove the core from
skin n. →to skin = to remove the skin from
又如：to peel, to juice, to dust
（4） to…with N用…来做
这一类动词表示“工具”，大多来自指人体各部分的名词，或者来自指工具的名词。如：
hand n. →to hand = to give with hand
finger n. →to finger = to feel or handle with fingers
hammer n. →to hammer = to strike with a hammer
brake n. →to brake = to slow down or stop with a brake
又如：to shoulder, to eye, to pump（抽水）
（5） to be/act as N with respect to像…那样…
这一类动词表示名词所指的人或动物的典型动作，来自人称名词和动物名词，有很强的隐喻含义。如：
nurse n. →to nurse = to act as a nurse for sick people
tutor n. →to tutor = to act as a tutor to
father n. →to father = to be the father of
ape n. →to ape = to imitate like an ape模仿
dog n. →to dog = to follow or hunt like a dog尾随，追踪
又如：to captain, to shepherd, to monkey（胡闹，瞎弄）, to wolf （狼吞虎咽）
（6） to make/change…into N使…成为…，把…改变为…
如：ripple n.跛子→to ripple = to make…a cripple使跛
fool n. →to fool = to make a fool of
knight n. →to knight = to make…a knight 授予…爵士称号
cash n. →to cash = to change into cash
group n. → to group = to form…into a group or groups
又如：to orphan, to widow, to wreck（市车、船失事）, to pile（把…垛成堆）
（7） to send/go by N用…来（寄）送…，乘…前往
如：mail n. →to mail = to send by mail
ship n. →to ship = to send by ship
bicycle n. →to bicycle = to go by bicycle
又如：to telegram, to boat, to motor（用汽车运送）
转成动词的语义是个复杂的问题，上面介绍的七种仅仅是比较常见的类型。有的名词转成的动词不止一个意思。
dust n. →a. 除去灰尘
b. 扬起灰尘
c. （鸟）用沙土洗澡
其中，a属于第(3)类，b属于第(2)类，意义截然不同，c属于第(4)类。
2． 形容词转成动词
形容词也可能转化成动词，但远不及名词转化成动词那样常见。
形容词转化成动词语义多半表示状态的变化(to make, or to become, adjective)。这一类动词大多既可用作及物动词，表示“to make…adjective”，也可以用作不及物动词，表示“to become adjective”。如：
dry a. →to dry = to make dry
= to become dry
narrow a. →to narrow = to make narrow
= to become narrow
又如：to dim, to dirty, to smooth, to warm, to cool, to empty, to slow
有的形容词只能转化为及物动词，如：
bare a. 赤裸的 →to bare暴露 free a. →to free释放 blind a. →to blind使…失明 humble a. 谦恭的 →to humble压低…的身份
个别形容词转化成动词，表示以某种姿态、方式去做某事。如：
brave a. →to brave（冒着…，敢于…）
rough a. →to rough（粗暴地对待…）
除了从名词和形容词转化成动词外，还有零星几个动词是由其它词类转化而成的。如：
从副词转化成的动词
to yes（同意，赞成）, to further（促进）, to near（靠近）, to up（提高，举起）, to down（放下，喝下）, to out（外出，说出）
从连接词转化成的动词
to but （只能用在“But me no buts！”“别老是跟我‘但是’、‘但是’的！”）
从介词转化的动词
to round（环绕…而行）
从感叹词转化成的动词to encore（再来一个）, to hurrah（欢呼）, to shoo（“嘘嘘”地赶）, to shush（用“嘘”声要…静下来）

（二）转成名词
1． 动词转化成名词
转化而成的名词主要来自动词。来自动词的名词大多表示原来的动作或状态。如：
eats（食物）, doubt（怀疑）, smell（嗅觉）, desire（愿望）, want（需要）, attempt（尝试）, hit（打击）, laugh（大笑）。
这些名词又往往和to have, to take, to give和to make等动词连用，表示短暂的或者一次性的动作，与汉语中“动词 + 一 + 动词”（如“看一看”）、“动词 + 了一次”（如“看了一次”）的语义相似。
have a look take a look give a cry make a move
a swim a walk a laugh a dive
a drive a peep a grunt a dash
a smoke a ride a shudder a guess
a try a rest a start an offer
a rest a glance a howl an attempt
a think a stroll
a wash a turn
从语义的角度来看，来自动词的名词还可以指：（1）动作的执行者，（2）动作的结果，（3）动作的工具，（4）动作的地点。
（1）表示动作执行者的转成名词，除了有几个指从事某种工作的人（如：cook厨师，coach教练员，lookout瞭望员，home help佣工）以外，其它都带有贬义，指令人鄙视、讨厌的人或物。如：
bore（惹人厌烦的人或物），cheat（骗子），flirt（调情者），scold（老爱责骂的人），sneak（鬼鬼祟祟的人）等
（2）表示结果的转成名词有：
import（进口商品），a catch（捕获物，捕获量），a find（发现物），a reply（复信），a reject（遭拒绝的东西，次品，废品）等
（3）表示工具的转成名词有：
a catch（门扣），a cover（盖子，封面），a cure（疗法，药），a wrap（包裹物）等
（4）表示地点的转成名词有：
a dump（垃圾堆），a pass（关口），a divide（分界线），a turn（转弯处），a retreat（避难处），a hide-out（躲藏处）等
2． 形容词转化成名词
形容词转化成名词也是比较常见的，可以分为两种情况：（1）完全转化（2）部分转化。
（1） 完全转化的名词具有名词的一切语法特征，可以加-s构成复数，加-’s变为所有格，也可以受形容词的修饰。如：
native可以说two natives, the native’s language, a returned native。
这样转化成的名词很普遍，一些表示有某种信仰、某一国籍或某些特征的人称名词很多来自形容词，如：
a communist（共产主义者），a Christian（基督教徒），a Japanese, an American, a white（白人）等。
有些形容词事实上是短语的修饰部分，短语缩略后变成了转成名词，如：
a daily ←a daily newspaper, shorts ←short trousers（短裤），a private ←a private soldier（士兵）等。
（2） 部分转化的名词不具有名词的所有特点，一般在前面带有定冠词，总是作为复数表示一个整体，如：
The poor, the rich, the sick, the wealthy, the sublime（崇高的事物）
部分转化的名词还保留形容词的一些特征，如可以被副词修饰，可以用比较级和最高级，如：
The very unfortunate（极其不幸的人们），the clearly inevitable（显然不可避免），the impossible（不可能的事），the comparatively rich（相对来说比较富的人），the poorer than oneself（比自己更穷的人），the most corrupt of them all（它们中间最腐败的人）等。
从动词和形容词以外的词类转成名词的为数不多，而且往往只用在某些固定短语中：the haves and have-nots（有钱人和没钱人），ins and outs（来龙去脉，在野党和执政党），pros and cons（赞成者和反对者），ifs and buts（借口，托词），ifs and therefores（条件和结果），hows and whys（情况和原因），a must（必须做的事），also-ran（竞争失败的人），has-been（过时的人物），in（影响），out（出路），down（恶感，怨气）等。

（三）转成形容词
转成形容词有多种类型，名词用作定语就是一种情况。这里介绍的是由介词短语转成的形容词及其它类型的转成形容词，举例来加以说明。
1．over-the-counter（不用医生处方也可合法出售的）
Bans of over-the-counter drugs have trickled out of the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) since 1972.
2．out-of-…（在…以外的）
So, too does the president continue to bring Bruce Lindsay on virtually all of his out-of-town trips, a signal of presidential confidence no other staffer comes close to the receiving.
What about the most out-of-the-way spots of all?
The public may seem to abhor this out-of-control media, but mainstream America still cannot seem to stop watching or reacting the stuff.
A study last week in last week’s Journal of the American Medical Association found that out-of-shape men died at three times the rate of those who were fit.
以上的over-the-counter跟out-of-town（外地的）、out-of-the-way（偏僻的）一样，都已成为固定的形容词，在字典里可以查到。而out-of-control（失控的）和out-of-shape（健康不佳的）还没有成为固定的形容词，只能是临时词(nonce words)。
由多个词组组成的转成形容词在英语中为数不多，在多数情况下是临时词。有的转成形容词的内部结构是个动词性短语：
The captain even turned off the fasten-seat-belt sign so that passengers could get up and move around during the wait.
有的转成形容词的内部结构是个名词性短语：
In the US, right-to-die legislation has been introduced in at least 15 states.
But more likely, Japan may decide to stop exporting its vehicles altogether. That would leave US auto companies with a chance to pick up valuable market share for their top-of-the-line models.
有的转成形容词的内部结构是个形容词性短语：
A new Securities and Exchange Commission study pinpoints areas where brokerage may have not-so-serious conflicts of interest and identifies ways to even the odds for investors.
有的转成形容词的内部结构是个副词性短语：
Workers used to cradle-to-grave protection were thrown into the street.
Thompson thinks one day there will be 24-hours-day cable channel forwards show.
有的转成形容词的内部结构甚至是个句子：
The small-is-beautiful world of business means that nearly two thirds of American workers now labor for relatively new, nonunion enterprises.
But economists agreed that Washington’s what-me-worry attitude may be sound policy.

singasong

词汇学笔记4-其他构词法



其他构词方法
把词的音节加以省略或简化而产生的词通称为缩略词，这种构词方法称为缩略法(abbreviation或shortening)。
英语中缩略词形式繁多，主要有四种类型：①截短词(clipped word)②首字母缩略词(initialism)③首字母拼音词(acronym)④拼缀词(blending)。
（一）截短词(clipped word)
截除原词的某一（或某些）音节所得的缩略词，叫做截短词(clipped word)。
1． 截除词尾(apocope)
一个词语的词首部分给听者的印象最深，所以截短词大多是截除词尾，保留词首来代表原词。
ad←advertisement auto←automobile bike←bicycle coke←coca cola
disco←discotheque doc←doctor dorm←dormitory exam←examination
expo←exposition fax←facsimile gas←gasoline gent←gentleman
heli←helicopter hippo←hippopotamus河马 kilo←kilogram lab←laboratory
lav←lavatory盥洗室maths←mathematics memo←memorandum
mike←microphone mini←miniskirt photo←photograph
porn←pornography色情文学 rhino←rhinoceros犀牛 stereo←stereotype
tele←television

2． 截除词首(aphaeresis)
有些词如果截除词尾保留词首，回引起语义不清，或与其它词混淆，因此也有截除词首的截短词。
burger←hamburger bus←omnibus cello←violoncello大提琴
chute←parachute降落伞 coon←raccoon浣熊 copter←helicopter
cycle←bicycle dozer←bulldozer推土机
drome←aerodrome phone←telephone plane←aeroplane quake←earthquake
scope←telescope van←caravan大蓬货车 wig←periwig假发
3． 截除首尾(front and back clipping)
有个别词截去首尾，保留不在首尾的重读音节。
flu←influenza fridge←refrigerator script←prescription处方
tec←detective侦探 dept←department asst←assistant
4． 截除词腰(syncope)
有些词音节相当多，其中又含有读音相仿的音节，就可能截除一个音节。
fossilation←fossilization化石作用 idolatry←idololatry偶像崇拜
pacifist←pacificist和平主义者 symbology←symbolology象征学
缩约形式(contractions)也可算作这一类，缩约形式是带有省略号的缩略词。
gov’t←government rec’d←received can’t←cannot
词组也可以截短。
1．留下词组中的一个词，来表达整个词组的意思
daily←daily paper weekly←weekly paper finals←final examinations
2．留下的词再经过截短
lube←lubricated oil润滑油 taxi←taximeter cab pub←public house
pop←popular music co-op←co-operative store zoo←zoological garden
perm←permanent wave烫发
截短词所指的事物或概念一般与原词一样，但也有个别截短词演变出新的词义。
fan爱好者←fanatic狂热者，盲信者
miss未婚女子←mistress女主人
有的截短词跟原词同时存在，但截短词是通用的词，而原词却不常用，甚至带有书卷气。
lunch←luncheon movie←motion picture pram←perambulator童车
也有的时候，截短词跟原词同时存在，但词义有分工。
cute←acute敏锐的 mend←amend 改善；修正 spy←espy看见；发现
peal大声鸣响←appeal
截短词与原词比较起来，有其鲜明的文体色彩，这使它们只适用于口语或非正式的场合，一般是“不登大雅之堂”的。如有些截短词属于学生俚语：
exam trig三角 maths lab prof co-ed男女同校中的女生
（二）首字母缩略词(initialism)
利用词的第一个字母代表一个词组的缩略词，叫做首字母缩略词(initialism)。
从结构来看，首字母缩略词可以用字母代表整个词，如：
BBC←British Broadcasting Corporation
IOC←International Olympics Committee
CIS←Commonwealth of Independent States独连体
EEC←European Economic Community
OAU←Organization of African Unity非洲统一组织
UN←United Nations
OPEC←Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries石油输出国组织
ISBN←International Standard Book Number
GATT←General Agreement on Tariff and Trade关贸总协定
GMT←Greenwich Mean Time
TV←television
CD←compact disk
CAD←computer assisted design
IT←information technology
MTV←music TV
IDD←international direct dial
GHQ←General Headquarters总司令部
TB←tuberculosis肺结核
有的缩略词还可以和其它词连用，如
E-mail←electric mail H-bomb←hydrogen氢弹 V-Day第二次世界大战胜利日 GI Jane←Government Issue Jane美国女兵
从应用来看，首字母缩略词几乎遍及所有领域，仅举几个方面的例子来说明。
应用最为广泛的科学技术各个专业：
PVC←polyvinyl chloride聚氯乙烯
DDT←dichloro-diphenyl-tricchloroethane滴滴涕
DNA←deoxyribonucleic acid脱氧核糖核酸
专有名词也多有缩写，以新闻通讯社为例：
AP←Associated Press美联社
UPI←United Press International合众国际社
AFP←Agence Francaine de Press法新社
DPA←Deutsche Press Agentur德新社
ANSA←Agenzia Nationale Stampa Associata安莎社
MENA←Middle East News Agency中东社
日常生活中也有不少首字母缩略词：
p.s. ←postscript（信末）附言
LP←long-playing records密纹唱片
VIP←very important person大人物
外来语也可以有首字母缩略词：
RSVP←Reponde s’il vous plait（书信用）盼复
NHK←Nippo Hoso Kyokai日本广播公司
特别是来自拉丁语的首字母缩略词，在英语的书面语中已必不可少：
e.g. ←exampli gratia i.d. ←idem同上 i.e. ←id est即 etc. ←et cetra
viz←videlicet也就是说 v. ←vide参见
有些名人的姓名也经常以首字母缩略词的形式出现：
G.B.S. ←George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳（英国戏剧家，1856——1950）
L.B.J. ←Lyndon Baines Johnson约翰逊（美国第三十六任总统，1963——1969）
最后要提一下，首字母缩略词后面加不加圆点，一般来说是约定俗成，用法各异。英国人经常不加圆点，美国人经常加圆点，可是总的倾向是不加圆点。
（三）首字母拼音词(acronym)
把用首字母组成的缩略词拼读成一个词，就是首字母拼音词(acronym)。首字母拼音词是一种新的构词方法，但这种词的增长可谓神速。过去运用首字母的缩略词只按字母读音，而现在越来越多的科技术语、组织名称、产品名称等等都拼成一个词来读：
AIDS←Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
日常用语中也出现了首字母拼音词，例如：
dinky←dual income, no kids + y
nilk←no income, lots of kids
例如机构、组织名称：
NATO←the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
ASEAN←the Association for South-East Nations东南亚国家联盟
UNESCO←the United Nations Education, Science and Culture Organization
再如科技术语：
laser←lightware amplification by stimulated emission of radiation激光
maser←microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation微波激射
ROM←read only memory只读内存
有些词的尾部反复出现，初看起来竟然像个后缀。
radar←radio detection and ranging雷达，无线电探测仪
sonar←sound navigation and ranging声纳，声波导航和测距装置
colidar←coherent light detection and ranging相干光探测器
hipar←high power acquisition radar高功率探测雷达
ladar←laser detection and ranging激光探测器
secar←secondary radar次级雷达
sodar←sound detecting and ranging声音探测器
sofar←sound fixing and ranging声发，声波水下远距离定位的海岸测音设备
近年来，首字母拼音词出现了一个有趣的现象，人们有意或无意地把首字母拼音词拼写成现存的词相同的样子，并借用其读音。
SALT←Strategic Arms Limitation Talks限制战略武器会谈
BASIC English←British-American-Scientific-International-Commercial English英美国际通用科技商业英语
Basic←Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code一种计算机代码
（四）拼缀词(blending)
组成复合词的各词中，一个词失去部分或者各个词都失去部分音节后连接成一个新词，这样的构词方法叫做“拼缀法”(blending)。用这种构词方法构成的词叫做拼缀词或合成词(blend)。
拼缀词以名词居多。
camcorder←camera + recorder comsat←communication + satellite
autome←automobile + home brunch←breakfast + lunch smog←smoke + fog
motel←motor + hotel telex←teletype + exchange用户直通电报 psywar←psychological + war videophone←video + telephone medicare←medical + care
dawk←dove + hawk moped←motor + pedal机械脚踏两用车
paratroops←parachute + troops bit←binary + digit
其它词类的拼缀词为数不多。
gestimate v. 瞎估计←guess + estimate meld v. 熔焊←melt + weld
breathalyse v. 对。。。做呼吸的测醉分析←breath + analyse
alphanumeric a. 文字数字式的←alphabetic + numeric
fantabulous a. 极出色的←fantastic + fabulous
拼缀词组成部分之间的关系有并列和偏正两种。
并列相当于用and把两个组成部分连接起来，如
brunch, smog, moped, dawk, guestimate
偏正相当于修饰词加中心词，如
psywar, medicare, videophone, paratroops
除了上面谈到的四种类型以外，有些缩略词很难归类。例如：
Ms. /Ms←Miss + Mrs.
另外，
hijack空中劫持←high + jack hi-fi高保真音响←high + fidelity
sci-fi科幻小说←science fiction
在这些词中，音节缩略和拼写规则化结合起来，这被有些人称为“语音拼写法”(phonetic spelling)。
okay←OK←all correct jeep←GP←general purpose vehicle
emcee司仪←MC←master of ceremony
deejay电台唱片音乐节目主持人←DJ←disc jockey

大虫

好。。。多谢

悬壶济世

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